Scaling the Next Paradigm of Heterogeneous Intelligence — Adrian Bertagnoli, Callosum

Thank you for coming to my talk. My name is Adrian Bertagnoli, I'm a founding engineer at Callosum, and today I'm going to be talking about scaling the next paradigm of heterogeneous intelligence. So I'm going to start with explaining why we care about heterogeneity in the first place, what particular aspects make it very conducive for scaling AI, how it is actually used in practice today, and how we can use utilize it in the future to actually scale the next paradigm of intelligence.

So to give you an intuition about what I mean with heterogeneous intelligence, I want to take a step back and explain the current prevailing paradigm of homogeneous intelligence. So homogeneous intelligence, in terms of AI, mainly refers to scaling single models on a fleet of identical chips.

So this was largely this era was largely brought about by the discovery of neural scaling laws, which showed us that more data and more parameters leads to better models. However, this is primarily rooted in a training domain, and while we move towards an inference domain, this becomes less and less relevant.

So it's already changing, and we already see some level of heterogeneity in going into our current systems. So on the architecture level, we see that mixture of experts are replacing large dense models. On the workflow layer, we see that single LLM calls are being replaced by multi-agent systems.

And finally, on the hardware level, single chips are being replaced by prefill, decode, disaggregated systems. So given that we are currently at the state of mild heterogeneity, how can you imagine a greater level of heterogeneity? How will that appear?

So initially, we'll be what we currently are experiencing is mild heterogeneity. So everything is still running primarily on homogeneous clusters, but we have some variety in the prompts. When we run multi-agent systems, we might use different LLMs for different sub-agents.

Again, we have mixture of experts. When we increase the heterogeneity, we might start to use different chips for different models. So different LLMs might be put on different GPUs. They might be interacting. We might be using different models completely.

So we have an increase of state-based models, diffusion models, all interacting with each other, all on optimal hardware that exists currently. And the last stage, where we really see the heterogeneous paradigm unfolding, is when we have a co-evolution of systems hardware and software.

So there will be a unification where you'll have a complete vertical integration of intelligence and hardware. So why heterogeneity? Why is it a good thing in the first place? So real-world problems are complex, multi-step, and open-ended. They decompose into sub-problems which require vastly different types of intelligences.

So scaling a singular type of intelligence to solve these is very inefficient and not optimal. So how do we solve them? Solving these actually requires models of different architectures and sizes working together,

acting together in long horizons, something we like to call multi-agent heterogeneous intelligence. Furthermore, new generations of silicon is coming towards the market, but currently there's no interface which allows it to this new hardware to be unified and constructively help the current compute stack.

And so this is what we aim to change. So heterogeneity, the benefit, is not simply a belief that we have. We actually formalize it and proved it mathematically. On theright, on the left, you see a figure outlining the principle of maximum heterogeneity.

So these are heterogeneous agents where the color indicates a distribution over a skill space. If you take if you have a communication between these, here indicated by a ring topology, you can have what we like to call a production function.

And the production function is simply the demand can be well suited for the demand of one problem, but ill suited for another problem. So here we have a production function that's well suited for demand A and ill suited for demand B.

If you want to do this in a homogeneous fashion, you would either be able to only scale one peak, or in the optimal case, to match this demand function, you would have only generalists, so as broad as possible the skill set, but then ultimately you'd have a very short cylinder that does not meet the production function readily.

So we formalized this, and we saw that across many domains, including neuroscience, economics, and ecology. These trends hold, and under any reasonable amount of constraints, heterogeneous systems outperform homogeneous ones. So how do we use this in practice? Like, I've been telling you about the benefits of heterogeneity, but I've not told you anything about what it actually means in terms of AI.

So we optimize multi-agent systems at three different parts of the workflow. So all the way from the hardware where agents run on, we choose different hardware depending on the computational demands on the agents, and then how agents interact and what workflow they construct.

So we have already demonstrated multiple benefits of this type of orchestration, and I want to go into a couple ones, namely in the workflow, something a primitive we like to call heterogeneous recursion. And in the agent layer, I want to talk about multimodal video action language models.

So heterogeneous recursion. This is something who's here heard of recursive language models? OK, so for those of you who don't know recursive language model, it's kind of a seminal paper that came out of MIT last October. And they basically showed that even if you only occupy a small percentage of the context window, you still can have dramatic context drops depending on the information complexity you want from the prompt.

So if you're doing a needle-in-a-haystack task, that is all of one. The information requirement scales is constant throughout, regardless of how big the prompt is. And then you can imagine adding up the rows. You give rows and columns.

Adding up the rows would be all of n, because as the prompt increases, the informational requirement increases linearly. So if you have a constant information requirement, it scales well. You can occupy the full context window and actually get a good answer.

However, when you go to linear or quadratic, it degrades at around 60% to 30%. So recursive language models solve this problem by actually treating the context as an environment rather than putting it all into the prompt. So in practice, this looks like you present the context in a file, and then the coding agent interacts with it programmatically through a Python repo, basically doing keyword searches, regex, and other tricks to extract sub-contexts.

And this sub-context is then passed off to an identical recursive agent. So this agent then can answer the question or spawn another recursive agent. And that's why it's called recursive language models. So we simply extended this concept. Instead of using a single model on a single chip, we map based on the sub-context generated towards different chips and different models to emulate the performance while drastically being cheaper and faster.

So here are results. You can see this is on the Ulong benchmark. This is basically the benchmark they used in the paper. And GPT-5, GPT-5.2 was the most recent one where we produced this work, sits around here, where it takes around 2,000 seconds to run through the benchmark.

And it costs around $3.75 for one task. Our system, when we go on Cerebras, we are seven times cheaper and five times faster. So you save incredibly much time, are a lot cheaper. So it's basically like having your cake and eating it too.

With Sambanova, we even get further. We push the price down even further at the cost of some latency. So we are 12 times cheaper and three times faster. So these are like making architectural decisions that are not simply based on the hardware.

You can make huge impactful price differences. And while emulating the intelligence you would have from frontier models.

So the next problem we wanted to address is basically visual web navigation. So we used a mixture of open and closed video action language models, and we managed to beat the state of the art of Video Web Arena, beating GPT-5.2 and Gemini 2.5 by 18% and 25% respectively.

And not only this, the way we did it is instead of treating the problem as a homogeneous one, we acknowledged that the problem is heterogeneous itself. It decomposes into multiple steps of visual reasoning, of textual reasoning. And each of these sub-components requires different models to be completed successfully.

So here you see a fundamental shift of the Pareto frontier, where you see singular models like Kimi K2.5 and GPT-5.2 are outperformed by a mixture, a heterogeneous set of models. So when we use Qwen 3 VL8B instruct and Kimi K2.5, we're 1.3 times faster than using Kimi alone.

We're 18 times cheaper than using GPT-5.2 alone. And if we use Qwen 3 plus GPT, we're actually three times faster and 3.7 times cheaper. So this is only benefit. There is no downside in constructing this in a heterogeneous manner.

So one part of our differentiating factor, how we were able to beat the state of the art, is that we mapped certain subtasks, like zooming and creating a different visual reasoning for the agent. We offloaded that into less intelligent models, because you don't need GPT to zoom for you.

So alone on these subtasks, we're able to be 11 times faster and 43 times cheaper than using ChatGPT. And so this is what overall accumulates towards these 3.7 times cheaper and three times faster.

So looking ahead, how do we view the future of compute? The first era of scaling compute was dominated by the CPU, where compute got quicker. The second era was making compute massively parallel. This is dominated by NVIDIA. And the third paradigm, compute is going to become heterogeneous, mapping onto multi-agentic workloads and optimally mapping these workloads onto different chips.

We are actually working with Arya, the UK institute. We got a 3 million grant for operating the first heterogeneous co-located cluster in the UK. So we really want to make a difference and spearhead this new era of innovation.

So the era of homogeneous scale delivered extraordinary progress. We should be grateful for it. What comes next is heterogeneous intelligence, where models, workflows, and silicon co-evolve, and every new source of diversity makes the whole system smarter, faster, and cheaper.

This is the worst our infrastructure will ever be. Thank you.

How do you define which task to run on the faster, cheaper model? For instance, a zoom, is that something that's hard coded, like, oh, if you have to zoom this model, or do you have the smarter models on this edge of the?

So it is initially we started doing bespoke decisions on mapping certain simple subtasks to simple models. But since then, we have created an automation layer that detects the task complexity and automatically predicts the best model, the best suited model and hardware.

Any other questions?

Great. Thank you so much for your attention. My name is Adrian Bertagnoli. And if anyone is interested, we are hiring. So

yeah, great. Thank you very much.